In This Issue

 

• A HARD SAYING

• THE APOSTLES AND HERMENEUTICS

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A HARD SAYING

In John 6:58, Jesus had identified Himself as “the bread which came down from heaven.” “Therefore many of His disciples, when they heard this, said, "This is a hard saying; who can understand it?" When Jesus knew in Himself that His disciples complained about this, He said to them, "Does this offend you? What then if you should see the Son of Man ascend where He was before? It is the Spirit who gives life; the flesh profits nothing. The words that I speak to you are spirit, and they are life. But there are some of you who do not believe." For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were who did not believe, and who would betray Him” (John 6:60-65).

The word “disciples” in verse 60 is obviously used in a broad sense of those who were physically following Jesus and seeking to learn from Him. Not all of them were fully accepting what He taught. The King James Version is perhaps more accurate in this verse than the New King James. “Many therefore of his disciples, when they had heard this, said, This is an hard saying; who can hear it?” The statement of Jesus was not necessarily so difficult for them to understand—it was hard for them to accept. “Who can hear it?” That is, who can accept it?

They seemed to have trouble accepting that He had come down from heaven, that He was superior to Moses, and that He was the source of everlasting life. If they had trouble with this, how much more trouble would they have in accepting the fact that He was soon to ascend back to heaven bodily?

It is my conviction that the King James Version is also to be preferred on verse 63, and that the passage is basically parallel with James 2:26. Man is a two-fold creature, made of body (flesh) and spirit or soul. In the wilderness, God had fed the bodies of the Israelites with manna, but they died, and many of them were in a state of alienation from God. Jesus is the true bread of heaven. He came to nourish the soul or spirit and supply life everlasting. His words, believed and obeyed, will breathe life into our immortal souls.

But many of His “followers” at that time were not fully accepting His teachings. He knew who did and who did not believe. He also knew who would eventually betray Him and turn Him over to His enemies to be crucified.

The crucifixion would be a great surprise to His faithful followers, but it was no surprise to Jesus. He tried to forewarn them repeatedly the fate that awaited Him, but even the most faithful found His words “hard” (to accept), and they had trouble really listening to what He was saying: “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem,and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the chief priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death, and deliver Him to the Gentiles to mock and to scourge and to crucify. And the third day He will rise again" Matt. 20:18-19).

–Clarence R. Johnson

THE APOSTLES AND HERMENEUTICS

[Editor’s Note: I have long sought to get people to understand that’s it’s not examples, inferences, or even necessarily commands that are binding, per se – it is God’s will that is binding. However we learn God’s will, it is binding. And we learn it by commands or statements He has given and by examples of what others have done with or without His approval. If I can figure out when a command is “binding,” the same thinking process will help me to determine when an example “is binding.” Whenever an example or command reflects God’s will for me, it is binding – that is, God’s will is binding – no matter how I learned it. –CRJ]

Some of the articles that I have read lately have confused ridicule with reasoning. They seem to think that if they ridicule commands, examples and necessary inferences as the basis of authority, they have given a scholarly refutation of pattern authority. One such article concluded: "It seems to me that we ought to do less interpreting of scriptures and just read and understand them more instead." I wonder how you are going to "read and understand" scriptures without "interpreting" them, and how will you interpret them without understanding how to establish authority?

Reading and understanding Scripture includes accepting what the Bible teaches about how to establish authority.. The appeal to commands, approved examples and necessary inferences was not only used by Jesus to teach God's will, they were also used by the apostles and other Spirit guided men of the first century.

Commands

As far as I know, everyone agrees that plain commands of God are binding upon men. John said: "And hereby we know that we know him, if we keep his commandments. He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him" (1 Jn. 2:3,4). In the Jerusalem conference over circumcision, James appealed to a statement of fact from Amos, and concluded that the raising up of David's tabernacle and the "residue of men" seeking the Lord was fulfilled in the Gentiles entering the church. When Paul wrote the Corinthians, he commanded them to "lay by in store upon the first day of the week," just as he had given "order to the churches of Galatia" (1 Cor. 16:1,2). Many other commands could be used, but these are sufficient, because this point is not challenged.

Though not all commands are binding on us, when we want to know God's will on a subject, we can look at his commands, or statements of fact, then study the context and compare our situation to that discussed and draw our conclusions. If we were disposed to ridicule commands, we would ask if you brought Paul's cloak and the books and parchments, as he commanded Timothy (2 Tim. 4:13). We might even ask if you have washed anyone's feet lately, as Jesus commanded (Jn. 13:14). My point is that if we are to reject examples because not all are binding, and men disagree on which should be followed, then the same reasoning would reject all commands!

Approved Examples

Is the appeal to examples for authority a "church of Christ tradition," or is it an apostolic tradition? We understand that the apostles and others in the first century had to be taught to do certain things before they could leave the example, but we may have a record of the example and not the command. Paul commanded the Philippians to "be ye imitators together of me, and mark them that so walk even as ye have us for an example" (Phil. 3:17).

The Jerusalem conference shows us how the apostles regarded examples. When there had been must discussion of the issue of circumcision, Peter said: "Brethren, ye know that a good while ago God made choice among you, that by my mouth the Gentiles should hear the word of the gospel and believe. And God, who knoweth the heart, bare them witness, giving them the Holy Spirit, even as he did unto us; and he made no distinction between us and them, cleansing their hearts by faith" (Acts 15:7-9). The Spirit could have had Peter issue a command for the Judaizers to quit binding circumcision, but he did not. He used an example of Gentiles being accepted without circumcision, and concluded that this revealed God's will on the matter. Paul and Barnabas also gave some examples of the same fact, which are not enumerated (Acts 15:12).

It is by example that we learn that elders were appointed in "every church" (Acts 14:23). We could learn from command that they are to be in "every city" (Titus 1:5), but the example of what the apostle Paul did reveals God's will for every church. Likewise, we learn when to observe the Lord's supper from an example (Acts 20:7). Some who want to deny examples in the work of the church have tried to hold on to the example of the Lord's supper, but they cannot be consistent and do so. Others have begun denying that the example in Acts 20:7 is even the Lord's supper. Their attitude seems to be "if churches of Christ have done it since the first century, it must be wrong"!

Necessary Inferences

The fact that truth can be learned from necessary inferences should be obvious to anyone who believes that the Bible applies to him. How did he determine that? Was it written to him, or did he draw a conclusion that the same revelation given to others should be applied to him?

There are examples in the Bible of men who drew necessary conclusions from the facts given them and those conclusions were obviously God's will. Peter saw a vision of animals on a sheet, which he was told to "kill and eat," and concluded that he should not call any man "common or unclean" (Acts 10:11-16,28). At the Jerusalem conference, he said that God "bear them witness, giving them the Holy Spirit, even as he did unto us," and concluded: "Now therefore why make ye trial of God, that ye should put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear?" (Acts 15:8,9). This conclusion was necessarily implied from the example and those who wanted to know God will knew it!

These principles did not originate in the "Restoration Movement," but are found in both the Old and New Testaments. Dungan's book on "Hermeneutics" illustrates necessary inference with the first verse in the Bible. He said: "It is not stated in verse one that God existed; that he had the wisdom and power to accomplish this work; but it is assumed, and, being assumed, no interpreter has a right to call it in question" (p. 92).

The rejection of "pattern authority" is the rejection the Bible as the source of authority. "Reading and understanding" God's word includes understanding how truth authorizes, and we do not do that by ridicule of the very principles illustrated in the Bible.

The apostles in Jerusalem did not ask the Judaizers how they felt about admitting Gentiles into the church without circumcision, nor how they thought Jesus might act. They appealed to objective revelation - a statement of fact in Amos and the example of Cornelius, then drew the necessary conclusion that Gentiles did not have to be circumcised. That "hermeneutic" is as old as Scripture, and when we want to know God's will on any subject, we had better find a command, statement of fact, approved example or draw a necessary inference. The "new hermeneutics" being advocated today is simply "old Modernism."

--Frank Jamerson

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